Description
510
Dis (Eman)
The Saudi Food and Drug Authority and the Ministry of Health have objectives as a
component of Saudi Vision 2030’s healthcare strategy. The National Transformation Program
of Saudi Arabia provided guidance for the establishment of the healthcare goals for the
country’s vision in 2030(Ali, 2018).
The goals include optimizing resource use, promoting global and local development and
training, strengthening hospital safety standards, and enhancing public health services
targeting smoking and obesity.(Vraga & Jacobsen, 2020) When building a safety culture for
healthcare institutions in Saudi Arabia, it is crucial to consider communication, awareness of
safety culture, and adherence to legal working conditions as the most important
factors(Chakraborty et al., 2017).
The patient safety culture at a healthcare institution in Saudi Arabia that I was familiar with
exhibited both deficiencies and strengths. Inefficacious leadership, deficient communication,
and a culture of assigning blame all contributed to the situation(Ali, 2018). The presence of
certain factors significantly hindered the development of a patient safety culture in the area.
The patient’s well-being was severely compromised due to the healthcare providers’ failure
to interact with each other in an efficient manner(Ali, 2018).
Medical errors, which were frequently recorded, caused harm to patients’ well-being. End-oflife decision-making is strongly rooted in Indian culture, exerting a significant influence on
the healthcare system in India. Elderly individuals tend to rely on their relatives rather than
making autonomous judgments(Ali, 2018).
The healthcare institutions in Saudi Arabia possess multiple systems that require
modification. The initial stage of the process involves identifying methods to ensure that
healthcare personnel can interact efficiently with each other. Active listening is a crucial
component of successful communication(Ali, 2018). For healthcare practitioners to properly
communicate, they must actively engage in the practice of active listening. It is necessary to
have a more comprehensive comprehension of their communication methods(Vraga &
Jacobsen, 2020).
In the healthcare business, asking questions is a widely used approach to build unambiguous
channels of communication. In order to enhance their comprehension of the issues they are
attempting to resolve; healthcare practitioners must pose a greater number of
inquiries(Chakraborty et al., 2017). When making judgments based on the patient’s choices,
Indian culture should prioritize the safety and well-being of the patient. There is an urgent
requirement to implement a new legislation that safeguards the rights of patients from the
influence of cultural factors. These standards are necessary for enhancing the culture of
patient safety(Chakraborty et al., 2017).
Dis 2(wejdan)
Factors Influencing the Formation of the Saudi Patient Safety Center
Saudi Arabia, like many other nations, faced difficulties in maintaining patient
safety before the formation of the Saudi Patient Safety Center (SPSC) in 2017. Many
causes led to the founding of the SPSC, such as the growing awareness of medical
errors as a major cause of harm and the global focus on patient safety. The SPSC
developed as a vital initiative to meet the goal of Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030, a
national transformation plan focused on at improving the healthcare system.
Moreover, the alignment of the SPSC with international patient safety efforts
highlights Saudi Arabia’s priority to enhancing the quality of healthcare (The Saudi
Patient Safety Center, 2019).
Saudi Patient Safety Center Compared to Global Patient Safety Culture
Development
The establishment and goals of the Saudi Patient Safety Center (SPSC),
according to Alaska and Alkutbe (2023), are in line with a global movement towards
a more robust patient safety culture. This alignment can be observed in several ways.
The primary objectives of the worldwide and SPSC movements are to improve patient
outcomes and reduce avoidable damage. Furthermore, the SPSC’s focus on
cooperation with national and international organizations is consistent with worldwide
initiatives to share knowledge and best practices. The SPSC’s emphasis on data
collecting and analysis is also compatible with the global practice of identifying and
resolving patient safety issues through data. This foreign viewpoint presents the SPSC
as a major force behind Saudi Arabia’s advancement of patient safety (Alaska &
Alkutbe, 2023).
Saudi Patient Safety Center Initiative Supporting Saudi Vision 2030
By improving patient safety and healthcare efficiency, the Choosing Wisely
initiative—which has been promoted by the Saudi Patient Safety Center since 2019—
aligns with the health goals of Saudi Vision 2030. By highlighting the significance of
preventing harm and issues from needless medical procedures, drugs, radiation, and
test requests, as well as cutting costs, it encourages doctors and patients to make
educated decisions. All recommendations are supported by evidence and are designed
to increase the value of health care by cutting waste and improving quality. By
minimizing pointless and low-value interventions and involving people in their
healthcare decisions, the Choosing Wisely program can assist doctors in providing
higher-value care (Alsagheir et al., 2022).
Progress Toward Patient Safety Culture in Saudi Arabia
The patient safety culture at community pharmacies in the Southern Region of
Saudi Arabia was evaluated by Easwaran et al. (2023). The study found that when an
antibiotic restriction policy was put in place, pharmacists showed an improvement in
terms of their enhanced understanding of the proper use of antibiotics and their
cautious prescription practices. This is a big change since it lowers the chance of
antibiotic resistance and bad drug reactions, which makes the patient environment
safer in the long run (Easwaran et al., 2023).
The study suggests broader implications for drug management beyond antibiotics,
highlighting the substantial impact of pharmacists’ knowledge and awareness on
antibiotic prescribing patterns. By enabling pharmacists to take a more proactive role
in guaranteeing the safe and appropriate use of all medications, hospitals can take
advantage of these findings. This may include assigning pharmacists more duties,
such as reviewing medications, educating patients on how to take them correctly, and
working with doctors to make prescribing decisions. Pharmacists can improve
medication safety generally and contribute to a better patient safety culture by
supporting reasonable prescribing practices and patient education (Easwaran et al.,
2023).
515
Dis 1(sara)
Effective management of a healthcare organization requires a comprehensive
understanding of its financial health. Financial analysis, which involves evaluating the
financial state of a business, is of utmost importance in this regard. Two critical ratios
utilized to assess the financial of a healthcare organization are the current ratio and the
debt-to-equity ratio. The current ratio and debt-to-equity ratio are crucial financial
indicators for healthcare organizations. The current ratio is a financial metric that
measures a company’s ability to pay off its short-term liabilities with its short-term
assets. Also measures an organization’s ability to meet short-term obligations using its
current assets, indicating liquidity and short-term solvency. However, it doesn’t
consider asset quality and may not be suitable for healthcare due to lower liquidity in
certain assets. And has limitations as it does not take into account the quality or
marketability of current assets. Disregards the temporal distribution of cash flows,
which can have an effect on the availability of liquid assets. (American Medical
Information Association, Financial and Operating Ratios as Performance Measures)
The debt-to-equity ratio is a financial measure that compares a healthcare
organization’s total liabilities to its total shareholder equity. It helps analyze the
organization’s capital structure and assesses its reliance on debt financing. A lower
ratio indicates a stronger financial position and better solvency risk. However, it
doesn’t account for future liabilities and debt tolerance varies across industries. A high
ratio may be acceptable in healthcare due to high upfront costs. (Akinleye, D. D., et
al. 2019)
In summary, the two ratios being discussed are the current ratio and the debt-toequity ratio.These selected ratios use to assess the financial condition of the
healthcare industry.Nevertheless, it is crucial to take into account additional financial
indicators and carry out thorough research in order to gain a complete understanding
of the financial well-being of the organization. Healthcare companies might employ
financial ratios as a preliminary measure in completing a comprehensive financial
analysis. By considering trends, industry standards, and other criteria, these
organizations may make informed decisions about how to allocate resources and
ensure long-term sustainability. (Akinleye, D. et al. 2019).
Dis2 (Eman)
Several ratios can be employed to evaluate the financial state of a healthcare organization.
The current ratio, debt-to-equity ratio, and interest coverage ratio are three crucial financial
statistics.
The current ratio is a metric that assesses a company’s capacity to meet its immediate
financial obligations. The calculation involves dividing a company’s current assets by its
current liabilities(Arhinful & Radmehr, 2023). If a corporation has a current ratio of less than
1.0, it suggests that the company would face challenges in meeting its short-term financial
obligations. The debt-to-equity ratio quantifies the level of financial leverage employed by a
corporation. The calculation involves dividing the total liabilities of a corporation by its entire
shareholder equity. A debt-to-equity ratio below 1.0 signifies that a firm relies mostly on
equity for financing, whilst a ratio above 1.0 shows that a corporation relies predominantly
on debt for financing(Debt-to-Equity (D/E) Ratio Formula and How to Interpret It, 2024).
The interest coverage ratio is a metric that gauges a company’s capacity to meet its interest
obligations. The calculation involves dividing a company’s profits before interest and taxes
(EBIT) by its interest expenses. A corporation with an interest coverage ratio below 1.0 may
face challenges in meeting its interest expenses(Meryana & Setiany, 2021).
These ratios are crucial for comprehending the financial state of a healthcare organization as
they offer insights into the company’s liquidity, financial leverage, and capacity to repay its
debt. Nevertheless, it is important to avoid relying just on these ratios and instead analyze
them alongside other financial data in order to have a comprehensive understanding of a
company’s financial state(Ketan Shah, 2020). In this research, I will utilize financial ratios to
evaluate the financial state of HCA Healthcare, Inc. (NYSE: HCA(Haadsma, 2016)). HCA
Healthcare, Inc. is a healthcare services corporation that manages hospitals, independent
surgery centers, and urgent care centers. HCA Healthcare, Inc. had a total of 177 hospitals
and 119 freestanding surgery centers in operation throughout the United States as of
December 31, 2019. HCA Healthcare, Inc. had a current ratio of 1.61 as of December 31,
2019. This indicates that the company’s current assets exceeded its current liabilities by a
ratio of 1.61 to 1. The current ratio of the company is robust, suggesting that it possesses
ample liquidity to fulfill its immediate financial obligations(Haadsma, 2016).
HCA Healthcare, Inc. had a debt-to-equity ratio of 0.68 as of December 31, 2019. This
indicates that the corporation’s debt-to-equity ratio was 0.68, meaning that for every $1.00
of equity, the company had $0.68 of debt. The company has a relatively low debt-to-equity
ratio, suggesting that it is mostly funded through stock(Appelbaum et al., 2021). HCA
Healthcare, Inc. had an interest coverage ratio of 4.54 as of December 31, 2019. This
indicates that the company’s earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) were $4.54 for every
$1.00 spent on interest expenses. This is a robust interest coverage ratio, showing that the
company has ample earnings to meet its interest expenditures(Haadsma, 2016).
In summary, the financial statistics suggest that HCA Healthcare, Inc. is a robustly solvent
corporation. The company possesses a robust liquidity position, minimal leverage, and
commendable interest coverage(Meryana & Setiany, 2021).
Dis (Eman)
The Saudi Food and Drug Authority and the Ministry of Health have objectives as a
component of Saudi Vision 2030’s healthcare strategy. The National Transformation Program
of Saudi Arabia provided guidance for the establishment of the healthcare goals for the
country’s vision in 2030(Ali, 2018).
The goals include optimizing resource use, promoting global and local development and
training, strengthening hospital safety standards, and enhancing public health services
targeting smoking and obesity.(Vraga & Jacobsen, 2020) When building a safety culture for
healthcare institutions in Saudi Arabia, it is crucial to consider communication, awareness of
safety culture, and adherence to legal working conditions as the most important
factors(Chakraborty et al., 2017).
The patient safety culture at a healthcare institution in Saudi Arabia that I was familiar with
exhibited both deficiencies and strengths. Inefficacious leadership, deficient communication,
and a culture of assigning blame all contributed to the situation(Ali, 2018). The presence of
certain factors significantly hindered the development of a patient safety culture in the area.
The patient’s well-being was severely compromised due to the healthcare providers’ failure
to interact with each other in an efficient manner(Ali, 2018).
Medical errors, which were frequently recorded, caused harm to patients’ well-being. End-oflife decision-making is strongly rooted in Indian culture, exerting a significant influence on
the healthcare system in India. Elderly individuals tend to rely on their relatives rather than
making autonomous judgments(Ali, 2018).
The healthcare institutions in Saudi Arabia possess multiple systems that require
modification. The initial stage of the process involves identifying methods to ensure that
healthcare personnel can interact efficiently with each other. Active listening is a crucial
component of successful communication(Ali, 2018). For healthcare practitioners to properly
communicate, they must actively engage in the practice of active listening. It is necessary to
have a more comprehensive comprehension of their communication methods(Vraga &
Jacobsen, 2020).
In the healthcare business, asking questions is a widely used approach to build unambiguous
channels of communication. In order to enhance their comprehension of the issues they are
attempting to resolve; healthcare practitioners must pose a greater number of
inquiries(Chakraborty et al., 2017). When making judgments based on the patient’s choices,
Indian culture should prioritize the safety and well-being of the patient. There is an urgent
requirement to implement a new legislation that safeguards the rights of patients from the
influence of cultural factors. These standards are necessary for enhancing the culture of
patient safety(Chakraborty et al., 2017).
Dis 2(wejdan)
Factors Influencing the Formation of the Saudi Patient Safety Center
Saudi Arabia, like many other nations, faced difficulties in maintaining patient
safety before the formation of the Saudi Patient Safety Center (SPSC) in 2017. Many
causes led to the founding of the SPSC, such as the growing awareness of medical
errors as a major cause of harm and the global focus on patient safety. The SPSC
developed as a vital initiative to meet the goal of Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030, a
national transformation plan focused on at improving the healthcare system.
Moreover, the alignment of the SPSC with international patient safety efforts
highlights Saudi Arabia’s priority to enhancing the quality of healthcare (The Saudi
Patient Safety Center, 2019).
Saudi Patient Safety Center Compared to Global Patient Safety Culture
Development
The establishment and goals of the Saudi Patient Safety Center (SPSC),
according to Alaska and Alkutbe (2023), are in line with a global movement towards
a more robust patient safety culture. This alignment can be observed in several ways.
The primary objectives of the worldwide and SPSC movements are to improve patient
outcomes and reduce avoidable damage. Furthermore, the SPSC’s focus on
cooperation with national and international organizations is consistent with worldwide
initiatives to share knowledge and best practices. The SPSC’s emphasis on data
collecting and analysis is also compatible with the global practice of identifying and
resolving patient safety issues through data. This foreign viewpoint presents the SPSC
as a major force behind Saudi Arabia’s advancement of patient safety (Alaska &
Alkutbe, 2023).
Saudi Patient Safety Center Initiative Supporting Saudi Vision 2030
By improving patient safety and healthcare efficiency, the Choosing Wisely
initiative—which has been promoted by the Saudi Patient Safety Center since 2019—
aligns with the health goals of Saudi Vision 2030. By highlighting the significance of
preventing harm and issues from needless medical procedures, drugs, radiation, and
test requests, as well as cutting costs, it encourages doctors and patients to make
educated decisions. All recommendations are supported by evidence and are designed
to increase the value of health care by cutting waste and improving quality. By
minimizing pointless and low-value interventions and involving people in their
healthcare decisions, the Choosing Wisely program can assist doctors in providing
higher-value care (Alsagheir et al., 2022).
Progress Toward Patient Safety Culture in Saudi Arabia
The patient safety culture at community pharmacies in the Southern Region of
Saudi Arabia was evaluated by Easwaran et al. (2023). The study found that when an
antibiotic restriction policy was put in place, pharmacists showed an improvement in
terms of their enhanced understanding of the proper use of antibiotics and their
cautious prescription practices. This is a big change since it lowers the chance of
antibiotic resistance and bad drug reactions, which makes the patient environment
safer in the long run (Easwaran et al., 2023).
The study suggests broader implications for drug management beyond antibiotics,
highlighting the substantial impact of pharmacists’ knowledge and awareness on
antibiotic prescribing patterns. By enabling pharmacists to take a more proactive role
in guaranteeing the safe and appropriate use of all medications, hospitals can take
advantage of these findings. This may include assigning pharmacists more duties,
such as reviewing medications, educating patients on how to take them correctly, and
working with doctors to make prescribing decisions. Pharmacists can improve
medication safety generally and contribute to a better patient safety culture by
supporting reasonable prescribing practices and patient education (Easwaran et al.,
2023).
515
Dis 1(sara)
Effective management of a healthcare organization requires a comprehensive
understanding of its financial health. Financial analysis, which involves evaluating the
financial state of a business, is of utmost importance in this regard. Two critical ratios
utilized to assess the financial of a healthcare organization are the current ratio and the
debt-to-equity ratio. The current ratio and debt-to-equity ratio are crucial financial
indicators for healthcare organizations. The current ratio is a financial metric that
measures a company’s ability to pay off its short-term liabilities with its short-term
assets. Also measures an organization’s ability to meet short-term obligations using its
current assets, indicating liquidity and short-term solvency. However, it doesn’t
consider asset quality and may not be suitable for healthcare due to lower liquidity in
certain assets. And has limitations as it does not take into account the quality or
marketability of current assets. Disregards the temporal distribution of cash flows,
which can have an effect on the availability of liquid assets. (American Medical
Information Association, Financial and Operating Ratios as Performance Measures)
The debt-to-equity ratio is a financial measure that compares a healthcare
organization’s total liabilities to its total shareholder equity. It helps analyze the
organization’s capital structure and assesses its reliance on debt financing. A lower
ratio indicates a stronger financial position and better solvency risk. However, it
doesn’t account for future liabilities and debt tolerance varies across industries. A high
ratio may be acceptable in healthcare due to high upfront costs. (Akinleye, D. D., et
al. 2019)
In summary, the two ratios being discussed are the current ratio and the debt-toequity ratio.These selected ratios use to assess the financial condition of the
healthcare industry.Nevertheless, it is crucial to take into account additional financial
indicators and carry out thorough research in order to gain a complete understanding
of the financial well-being of the organization. Healthcare companies might employ
financial ratios as a preliminary measure in completing a comprehensive financial
analysis. By considering trends, industry standards, and other criteria, these
organizations may make informed decisions about how to allocate resources and
ensure long-term sustainability. (Akinleye, D. et al. 2019).
Dis2 (Eman)
Several ratios can be employed to evaluate the financial state of a healthcare organization.
The current ratio, debt-to-equity ratio, and interest coverage ratio are three crucial financial
statistics.
The current ratio is a metric that assesses a company’s capacity to meet its immediate
financial obligations. The calculation involves dividing a company’s current assets by its
current liabilities(Arhinful & Radmehr, 2023). If a corporation has a current ratio of less than
1.0, it suggests that the company would face challenges in meeting its short-term financial
obligations. The debt-to-equity ratio quantifies the level of financial leverage employed by a
corporation. The calculation involves dividing the total liabilities of a corporation by its entire
shareholder equity. A debt-to-equity ratio below 1.0 signifies that a firm relies mostly on
equity for financing, whilst a ratio above 1.0 shows that a corporation relies predominantly
on debt for financing(Debt-to-Equity (D/E) Ratio Formula and How to Interpret It, 2024).
The interest coverage ratio is a metric that gauges a company’s capacity to meet its interest
obligations. The calculation involves dividing a company’s profits before interest and taxes
(EBIT) by its interest expenses. A corporation with an interest coverage ratio below 1.0 may
face challenges in meeting its interest expenses(Meryana & Setiany, 2021).
These ratios are crucial for comprehending the financial state of a healthcare organization as
they offer insights into the company’s liquidity, financial leverage, and capacity to repay its
debt. Nevertheless, it is important to avoid relying just on these ratios and instead analyze
them alongside other financial data in order to have a comprehensive understanding of a
company’s financial state(Ketan Shah, 2020). In this research, I will utilize financial ratios to
evaluate the financial state of HCA Healthcare, Inc. (NYSE: HCA(Haadsma, 2016)). HCA
Healthcare, Inc. is a healthcare services corporation that manages hospitals, independent
surgery centers, and urgent care centers. HCA Healthcare, Inc. had a total of 177 hospitals
and 119 freestanding surgery centers in operation throughout the United States as of
December 31, 2019. HCA Healthcare, Inc. had a current ratio of 1.61 as of December 31,
2019. This indicates that the company’s current assets exceeded its current liabilities by a
ratio of 1.61 to 1. The current ratio of the company is robust, suggesting that it possesses
ample liquidity to fulfill its immediate financial obligations(Haadsma, 2016).
HCA Healthcare, Inc. had a debt-to-equity ratio of 0.68 as of December 31, 2019. This
indicates that the corporation’s debt-to-equity ratio was 0.68, meaning that for every $1.00
of equity, the company had $0.68 of debt. The company has a relatively low debt-to-equity
ratio, suggesting that it is mostly funded through stock(Appelbaum et al., 2021). HCA
Healthcare, Inc. had an interest coverage ratio of 4.54 as of December 31, 2019. This
indicates that the company’s earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) were $4.54 for every
$1.00 spent on interest expenses. This is a robust interest coverage ratio, showing that the
company has ample earnings to meet its interest expenditures(Haadsma, 2016).
In summary, the financial statistics suggest that HCA Healthcare, Inc. is a robustly solvent
corporation. The company possesses a robust liquidity position, minimal leverage, and
commendable interest coverage(Meryana & Setiany, 2021).
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