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See attached. Reflect and Relate, 6th EditionChapter 7: Listening ActivelyCopyright © 2022 Bedford/St. Martin’s. All rights reserved.

October 22, 2024

See attached.

Reflect and Relate,
6th Edition

Chapter 7: Listening Actively

Listening: A Five-Step Process

Listening:

• Receiving

• Attending

• Understanding

• Responding

• Recalling

Receiving

Hearing: Sound wave vibrations travel along acoustic

nerves to your brain.

Step 1: Receiving—seeing and hearing

• Noise pollution can cause hearing impairment.

Attending

Step 2: Attending—devoting attention to the

information you’ve received

• Salience is a factor in determining the extent of

attending.

• Limiting multitasking online improves attention.

• Elevating your attention improves it.

• Mental bracketing: Systematically putting aside

irrelevant thoughts

Understanding

Step 3: Understanding—interpreting meaning

• New information is housed in short-term memory,

compared with your long-term memory.

Responding

Step 4: Responding—conveying your attention and

understanding after someone shares

• Feedback: Given while others talk

• Back-channel cues: Signal you’ve paid attention to and

understand specifics

• Paraphrasing: Summarizing others’ comments after

they’ve finished talking

Recalling

Step 5: Recalling—remembering information

• Mnemonics: Devices that aid memory

The Five Functions of Listening

Listening functions:

• Listening to comprehend

• Listening to discern

• Listening to analyze

• Listening to appreciate

• Listening to support

Adapting Your Listening Purpose

Essential part of active listening is adapting your listening

purposes to the changing demands of interpersonal

encounters.

Mediated listening: Receiving/attending

to/understanding/

responding to/recalling sounds and images through media

channels.

Understanding Listening Styles

Both culture and gender affect listening styles.

Four Listening Styles

Listening style: Habitual pattern of listening behaviors

• Task-oriented listeners

• Rational listeners

• Critical listeners

• Analytical listeners

Gender Differences in Listening Styles

Women: More likely to use people-oriented and content-

oriented styles

Men: More likely to use time-oriented and action-oriented

styles

Culture and Listening Styles

Effective listening varies across cultures.

• In the United States: Time- and action-oriented listening

styles dominate.

• In collectivistic cultures: People- and content-oriented

listening styles dominate.

Improving Listening Competence

Five types of incompetent listening:

• Selective listening

• Eavesdropping

• Pseudo-listening

• Aggressive listening

• Narcissistic listening

Selective Listening

Selective listening: Taking in only those bits and pieces

of information that are immediately salient and dismissing

the rest

• To overcome selective listening, practice techniques for

enhancing attention, like mental bracketing.

Eavesdropping

Eavesdropping: Intentionally and systematically setting

up situations so that you can listen to private

conversations

• Eavesdropping is both inappropriate and unethical.

Pseudo-Listening

Pseudo-listening: Behaving as if you’re paying attention

when you’re really not

Aggressive Listening

Aggressive listening (also called ambushing):

Attending to others solely to find an opportunity to attack

them

• Trolls: People who post online messages designed to

annoy others

Narcissistic Listening

Narcissistic listening: Self-absorbed listening

• Ignoring what others say and redirecting the

conversation to oneself

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